SUBSTANTIVUL - ENGLEZA

SUBSTANTIVUL - ENGLEZA

1.Substantive numarabile - (countable nouns);

Exemple : a book - two books; a dress - two dresses

Obs. Au forma taft la singular, Cf si la plural.

Pluralele sunt de doua feluri :

a) regulate ;

b) neregulate ;

a) Pluralele regulate

- se formeaza adaugand un -s la sfarsitul formei de singular

Exemple : hat - hats; head - heads;

country - countries; boy - boys;

Obs. 1. Consoana + y => ie + s la plural;

2. Vocal† + y => y + s la plural;

-se formeaza adaugand -es :

-la substantivele terminate in :-s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh;

-la substantivele terminate in :-f, -fe (sunt si exceptii);

-la substantivele terminate in consoana + 'o' (sunt si exceptii);

Exemple : bus-buses ; box-boxes; watch-watches; life-lives;

roof-roofs; hero-heroes; potato-potatoes;

piano-pianos; photo-photos;

Obs. -f sau -fe devin cƒteodata v+es;

b) Pluralele neregulate

man-MEN; woman-WOMEN; foot-FEET; tooth-TEETH; mouse-MICE;

ox-OXEN; child-CHILDREN;

Exemple : a man - two men; a tooth - two teeth;

Nota : Compusii cu substantivul man au aceeasi pronuntie la singular si

la plural, desi ortografia difera .

2. Substantive ce se folosesc numai la singular :

a) -news; }

-nume de boli (measles) +altele ; }

-nume de stiinte si obiecte de studiu }=> + verb la singular ;

terminate in -ics }

(Mathematics,Physics,Accoustics) }

b) advice }

furniture }

information }

luggage }=> +verb la singular

knowledge }

money }

Nota : Cuantificarea (numararea) substantivelor news, advice, information,

luggage, knowledge, se face cu ajutorul cuvintelor:

A PIECE OF

3. Substantive cu forma de plural

trouses }

(a pair of pyjamas }=> +verb la plural

glasses }

Not† : Substantive cattle si people - desi au doar forma de singular se

acorda cu verbul la plural.

4. Substantive ce se folosesc dupa inteles cu:

a) verb la plural:

cand referirea este la membrii colectivitatii.

Exemplu : Paul's family are at home .

b) cu verbul la singular :

cand se denumeste colectivitatea ca un intreg.

Exemplu : Paul's family is large.

family class crew public team audience committee

5. Substantive nume de materie si substanta

-sunt numarabile;

-Cuantificarea (numararea) lor se face cu ajutorul cuvintelor :

a piece of; a kilogramme of; a spoon of;

a slice of; a bottle of; a bunch of;