Notiuni elementare de gramatica limbii engleze
Cand veti termina de studiat acest volum veti putea sa:
Formulati pluralul substantivelor sis a detectati genul cuvintelor.
Folositi correct principalele timpuri verbale.
Explicati de ce engleza pe care o vorbiti va fi cu atat mai interesanta cu cat veti putea folosi mai multe cuvinte descriptive.
METODE DE STUDIU
STUDIEREA CURSULUI
Studiul
Acesta este primul din cele trei volume de studiu "Prime Share International" care ofera o introducere facila in folosirea limbii engleze , pentru cei fara prea multe cunostinte in domeniu. Este de asemenea un excellent curs de recapitulare pentru cei care au terminat scoala cu multi ani in urma si care au uitat multe din cunostintele accumulate.
Veti vedea ca in aceste volume preliminare , in majoritatea exemplelor date sunt folosite numai cuvinte simple. Gramatica este de asemenea explicate intr-un mod simplu , fara a va solicita sa invatati prea multio termini de specialitate
Dup ace veti fi studiat cu atentie aceste trei volume, lucrand fiecare set de verificari, pe masura ce ajungeti la ele in timplul studierii cursului, veti fi invatat sufficient pentru a va exprima correct si clar in limba engleza.
Fiecare mapa de curs contine un numar de 10 texte, care constituie o parte importanta a studiului dumneavoastra. Fiecare test trebuie rezolvat integral in scris si trimis spre corectare indrumatorului personal. In acest fel, va verificati pas cu pas cunostintele accumulate.
In aproape fiecare casa se afla un dictionar englez - roman si orice student care nu are acasa unul poate face rost. Tineti dictionarul langa dumneavoastra in timp ce studiati sau cititi.
Folositi-ve si timpul liber pentru a citi, nu numai perioadele de studio. In timp ce cititi, invatati cuvintele noi si modul in care ele se inlantuir in fraze. Astfel, capacitatea dumneavoastra de a intelege engleza creste. Este foarte important sa citit: cititi articole din ziare si reviste - chiar si reclame, desi acestea nu sunt totdeauna un ghid de incredere pentru o engleza mai buna.
Faceti din ascultarea limbii engleze, ori de cate ori e posibil, o parte a studiului dumneavoastra. Daca ascultati la radio sau la televizor, veti invata mai multe cuvinte, cum sa le legati intre ele si cum sa le pronuntati corect. A asculta si a sta de vorba cu alte persoane este un alt exercitiu, dar aici exista in cele mai multe tari o dificultate, intrucat nu toti oamenii pronunta la fel, diferentele depinzand in primul rand de zona de origine a persoanelor in cauza. Dumneavoastra trebuie sa invatati sa scrieti sis a vorbiti engleza standard, adica acea forma a englezei care nu prezinta variatii regionale. Nu exista in engleza standard cuvinte sau structuri gramaticale care san u fie folosite in tarile unde se vorbeste engleza ca limba nativa. Cand vorbim familiar, folosim probabil cuvinte specifice zonei in care traim; dar dumneavoastra trebuie sa invatati sa scrieti si sa vorbiti engleza standard. De asemenea, oamenii fac greseli in vorbirea englezei; trebuie sa invatati sa depistati aceste greseli, astfel incat san u le repetati. In sfarsit, engleza vorbita sic ea scrisa nu sunt absolut identice; putem vorbi mai liber, mai familiar decat scriem.
Citind, ascultand si vorbind puteti invata nu numai cuvinte, ci si cum sa le folositi in fraze, dar este chiar mai important sa exersati folosind aceste cuvinte pentru a va exprima propriile idei. Incercati sa folositi cuvintele noi pe care le auziti sau le cititi si curand va veti da seama ca puteti sa va scrieti propriile ganduri.
Ar fi inutil sa invatati cum se scrie sau cum suna un cuvant, daca nu stiti si ce inseamna: in aceasta consta ajutorul dictionarului. Trebuie sa fiti pregatiti pentru o munca grea si constanta, dar asigurati-va ca stiti intelesul fiecarui cuvand nou si in acest fel veti putea sa-l folositi correct.
SINGULARUL SI PLURALUL
Ce sunt cuvintele?
Cuvantul este reprezentat de un sunet sau un grup de sunete
Prin care toti membri unui grup inteleg acelas lucru. Limba reprezinta totalitatea cuvintelor.
Cand scriem, folosim litere pentru a nota sunetele cuvintelor. Fiecare sunet existent intr-o mlimba poate fi reprezentat de o anumita litera sau de un grup de litere. Scrierea sa dezvoltat probabil intr-un mod similar limbii vorbite. La inceput, se pare ca oameni comunicau unul cu altul prin desene. In timp desenele au ajuns sa reprezinte lucruri associate cuvintelor, mai de graba decat obiectul propriuzis. Astfel un soare desenat putea insemna caldura sau lumina. Prin repetitie, desenele s-ar fi simplificat din ce in ce mai mult, ajungand in cele din urma sa arate ca literele alfabetului scris. Tot asa, aceste simboluri ar fi ajuns sa reprezinte sunete independente( probabil sunetele initiale ale obiectelor) sin u obiecte sau idei.
UNU SAU MAI MULTE DE UNU?
Deseori dorim sa vorbim sau sa scriem despre mai mult de o p[ersoana sau un lucru, sic el mai simplu mod de a face acest lucru este sa adaugam litere, ca in exemplele urmatoare:
Singular
A dog |
The dog |
One dog |
Un caine |
Cainele |
Un caine,numeral |
Plural
Two dogs |
Some dogs |
Several dogs |
Doi caini |
Niste caini |
Mai multi caini |
Termenii singular si plural sunt destul de expliciti :
Singular inseamna numai unul, in vreme ce plural inseamna mai mult de unul.
Exemplu :
Bed (pat) |
beds |
House (casa) |
Houses |
Picture (tablou) |
Pictures |
Building (constructie) |
Buildings |
Boat (barca) |
Boats |
River (rau) |
Rivers |
Tree (copac) |
Trees |
Plant (planta) |
Plants |
Flower (floare) |
Flowers |
Girl (fata) |
Girls |
Boy (baiat) |
Boys |
Ship (vapor) |
Ships |
Ball (minge) |
Balls |
Ocean (ocean) |
Oceans |
Mountain (munte) |
Mountains |
Forest (padure) |
Forests |
Lion (leu) |
Lions |
Bird (pasare) |
Birds |
Room (camera) |
Rooms |
Exista cateva moduri de a forma pluralul cuvintelor. Acestea vor fi explicate in cele ce urmeaza.
Plurals :
Solve the following exercises but do not send theam to Another Life Services.
1. Write down the singular form of these words:
Geese
Feets
Mice
Sheeps
2. Write down the plural of the following words
Street
Bus
Woman
Tooth
Nouns ending in "o"
Volcano volcanoes
Tomato tomatoes
Most words ending in "o" add "es" for plural; but when there is a vowel before the "o" just add "s".
Radio radios
Studio studios
And also :
Photo photos
Piano pianos
Nous ending in "ss", "sh", "ch", "x" form their plural by adding an "es"
Class classes
Church churches
Brush brushes
Box boxes
THE GENDER OF NOUNS :
Masculine Feminine Common
Male female both sexes
Actor |
Actress |
Child, baby |
Boy |
Girl |
Spouse |
Husband |
Wife |
|
king |
Queen |
Monarch |
Lion |
Lioness |
Person |
Man |
Women |
|
Master |
Mistress |
|
Steward |
stewardees |
|
|
|
|
The ending "ess" is one of the ways of forming the feminine of a masculine word :
1. Write down the feminine of the follwing words :
Prince
Dog
Baron
2. Write down the masculine of the following words :
Lady
Women
Cow
NOW , LATER OR LAST WEEK ?
TODAY, TOMORROW, YESTERDAY
"I" and the action
Tense Aspect |
Present |
Past |
Future |
SIMPLE |
I eat |
I eat yesterday |
I shall eat tomorrow |
CONTINUOUS |
I am eating |
I was eating |
I shall be eating |
PERFECT |
I have eaten |
I had eaten |
I shall have eaten |
PERFECT + CONTINUOUS |
I have been Eating |
I had been Eating |
I shall have been eating |
Note that each Tense has four aspects,that last one being a combination of the previous two.The Continuous suggests a preogressive kind of action, the Perfect - an action covering an interval of time, as opposed to a moment ( as it is with the Simple Aspect ).
Regular verbs from the Past by adding -ed at the end, but there are also verbs wich have two forms for the past : these are called irregular verbs ( see Appendix 2 in the Preliminary Course )
Exemple:
"He, She, It" and the Action
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
He eats |
He eat |
He will eat |
He is eating |
He was eating |
He will be eating |
She eats |
She eat |
She will eat |
REMEMBER
For the 3rd person singular, add "s" at the end of the verb!
The Present Tense of the Verb " to like"
AFFIRMATIVE
SINGULAR |
PLURAL |
I like we like
You like you like
He they like
She likes
It
Verbs ending in "s", "ss" ,"ch", "sh", "z", "o", add "es" for the the 3rd person singular:
To cross- he crosses
To buzz-it buzzes
To push-she pushes
To do-he does
To go-she goes
See also Appendix 3.
The Present of the Verb TO HAVE
AFFIRMATIVE 1 |
AFIRMATIVE 2 |
INTERROGATIVE |
I have |
I've |
Have I? |
You have |
You;ve |
Have you? |
He has She has It has |
He's She's It's |
Has he? Has she? Has it? |
We have |
We've |
Have we? |
You have |
You've |
Have you? |
They have |
They've |
Have they |
NEGATIVE 1 |
NEGATIVE 2 |
NEGATIVE 3 |
INTEROGARTIVE 1 |
NEGATIVE 2 |
I have not |
I've not |
I'haven't |
Have I not? |
Haven't I? |
You have not |
You've not |
You haven't? |
Have you not? |
Haven't you? |
He has not She has not It has not |
He's not She's not It's not |
He hasn't? She hasn't? It hasn't? |
He Has she not? it |
He Haven't she? It |
We have not |
We've not |
We haven't? |
Have we not? |
Haven't we? |
You have not |
You've you haven't |
You haven't |
Have you not? |
Haven't you? |
They have not |
They'not |
They haven't? |
Have they not? |
Haven't they? |
Affirmative:
I have=I've
Present Tense of the Verb TO SEE
AFFIRMATIVE |
INTERROGATIVE |
NEGATIVE 1 |
NEGATIVE 2 |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE |
I see |
Do I see? |
I do not see |
I don't see? |
Do I not see? Don't I see? |
You see |
do you see? |
You do not see? |
You don't see? |
Do you not see? Don't you see? |
He see She sees It see |
Does he see? Does she see? Does It see? |
He does not see She does not see It does not see |
He doesn't see? She doesn't see? It doesn't see? |
Doesn't He see? Doesn't she see? Doesn't It see? |
We see |
Do we see? |
We do not see |
We don't see? |
Do we not see? Don't we see? |
you see |
Do you see? |
You do not see |
You don't see? |
Do you not see? Don't you see? |
They see |
Do they see? |
They do not see |
They don't see? |
Do they not see? Don't they see? |
Present Tense of the Verb TO READ
AFFIRMATIVE |
INTERROGATIVE |
NEGATIVE 1 |
NEGATIVE 2 |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE |
I read |
Do I read? |
I do not read |
I don't read? |
Do I not read? Don't I read? |
You read |
Do you read? |
You do not read |
You don't read? |
Do you not read? Don't you read? |
He reads She reads It reads |
Does he read? Does she read Does it read? |
He does not read She does not read It does not read |
He doesn't read? She doesn't read? It doesn't read? |
Doesn't he read? Doesn't she read? Doesn't it read? |
We read |
Do we read? |
We do not read |
We don't read? |
Do we not read? Don't we read? |
You read |
Do you read? |
You do not read |
You don't read? |
Do you not read? Don't you read? |
They read |
Do they read? |
They do not read |
They don't read? |
Do they not read? Don't they read? |
DESCRIPTIVE WORD
What kind of? Person or thing?
The way we speak would be very boring without using various descriptive word to help us express ( and explain ) the colour, shape and size . the feautures of the things we speak about.
Here you have some adjectives. Look in the dictionary for their meaning and write it down in the coumms bellow.
COLOUR |
Red Green Yellow Blue Orange |
|
White Black Purple Pink Brown |
|
SHAPE |
Square Oval Round Triangular |
|
Straight Flat Curved |
|
CHARACTERISTICS |
Excellent Pleasant Delicious Beautiful Nice |
|
Kind Generous Friendly Helpful Happy |
|
CHARACTERISTICS |
Unpleasant Awful Ugly |
|
Mean Miserable Nasty |
|
SIZE |
Big Enormous High Large Medium Small Tiny |
|
Gigantic Huge Little Long Minute Tall Vast |
|
Try to find other words that express shape, characteristics ( good or bad ), kind and size and add them to the ones given here. As you have probably noticed, there are people using a word or a couple of word very often. Try to avoid this and learn as many descriptive word as you can, rather than saying: " a nice evening , some nice people, a nice soup, nice books, nice movies, an enjoyable holiday".
EXERCISE:
Answer the following questions but do not send them to ANOTHER LIFE SERVICES. Use a dictionary to identify the following word. You are given the first two letters of the word, the number of letters of the whole word and its meaning.
ci 8 letters shaped like a circle
ch......... 8 letters bright and lively
be........ 9 letters lovely to look at
de........ 9 letters tasting very pleasant
ex........ 8 letters stirring stimulating
en....... .. 9 letters which gives pleasure or joy
ex........ .. 9 letters very good indeed
me......... 6 letters neither large nor small
mi........ 6 letters very small indeed
mi......... 9 letters very sad and depressed
WORD TO SHOW QUANTITY
"How much" and "How many"?
Fiind in the dictionary the meaning of the words:
About
Any
Few
Little
Much
Many
None
Several
Some
Compare
|
Womens |
|
|
Oil |
Many |
Objects |
BUT |
Much |
Water |
|
Cups of coffee |
|
|
coffee |
The Future Tense-Simple Future
The Simple Future of the Verb "TO WATCH"
AFFIRMATIVE 1 |
AFFIRMATIVE 2 |
TRADUCERE |
I shall watch |
I'll watch |
Voi privi |
You will watch |
You'll watch |
Vei privi |
He will watch She will watch It will watch |
He'll watch She'll watch It'll watch |
Va privi |
We shall watch |
We'll watch |
Vom privi |
You will watch |
You'll watch |
Veti privi |
They will watch |
They'll watch |
Vor privi |
NEGATIVE 1 |
NEGATIVE 2 |
I shall not watch |
I shan't watch |
You will not watch |
You won't watch |
He will not watch She will not watch It will not watch |
He won't watch She won't watch It won't watch |
We shall not watch |
We won't watch |
You will not watch |
You won't watch |
They will not watch |
They won't watch |
INTERROGATIVE |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 1 |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 2 |
Shall I watch |
Shall I not watch? |
Shan't I watch? |
Will you watch |
Will you not watch? |
Won't you watch? |
Will he watch Will she watch Will it watch |
Will he not watch? Will she not watch? Will it not watch? |
Won't he watch? Won't
she watch? |
Shall we watch |
Shall we not watch? |
Won't we watch? |
Will you watch |
Will you not watch? |
Won't you watch? |
Will they watch |
Will they not watch? |
Won't they watch? |
The Present Perfect Tense
The Present Perfect of the Verb "TO PLAY"
AFFIRMATIVE 1 |
AFFIRMATIVE 2 |
INTERROGATIVE |
I have played |
I've played |
Have I played? |
You have played |
You've played |
Have you played? |
He has played She has played It has played |
He's played She's played It's played |
Has he played? Has she played? Has it played? |
We have played |
We've played |
Have we played? |
You have played |
You've played |
Have you played? |
They have played |
They've played |
Have they played? |
NEGATIVE 1 |
NEGATIVE 2 |
I have not played |
I've not played |
You have not played |
You've played |
He has not played She has not played It has not played |
He's not played She's not played It's not played |
We have not played |
We've not played |
You have not played |
You've not played |
They have not played |
They've not played |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 1 |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 2 |
Have I not played? |
Haven't I played? |
Have you not played? |
Haven't you played? |
Has he not played? Has she not played? Has it not played? |
Hans't he played? Hans't she played? Hans't it played? |
Have we not played? |
Haven't we played? |
Have you not played? |
Haven't you played? |
Have they not played? |
Haven't they played? |
The Present Perfect of the Verb " TO DO"
AFFIRMATIVE 1 |
AFFIRMATIVE 2 |
INTERROGATIVE |
I have done |
I've done |
Have I done? |
You have done |
You've done |
Have you done? |
He has done She has done It has done |
He's done She's done It's done |
Has he done? Has she done? Has it done? |
We have done |
We've done |
Have we done? |
You have done |
You've done |
Have you done? |
They have done |
They've done |
Have they done? |
NEGATIVE 1 |
NEGATIVE 2 |
I have not done |
I've not done |
You have not done |
You've not done |
He has not done She has not done It has not done |
He's not done She's not done It's not done |
We have not done |
We've not done |
You have note done |
You've not done |
They have not done |
They've not done |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 1 |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 2 |
Have I not done? |
Haven't I done? |
Have you not done? |
Haven't you done? |
Has he not done? Has she not done? Has it not done? |
Hasn't he done? Hasn't she done? Hasn't it done? |
Have we not done? |
Haven't we done? |
Have you not done? |
Haven't you done? |
Have they not done? |
Haven't they done? |
THE SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND
THE SIMPLE PAST CONTINOUS
The Present Continous of the verb "TO SMILE"
Affirmative 1 |
Affirmative 2 |
Interrogative |
I am smiling |
I'msmiling |
Am I smiling? |
You are smiling |
You're smiling |
Are you smiling? |
He is smiling She is smiling |
He's smiling She's smiling |
Is he smiling? Is he smiling? |
We are smiling |
We're smiling |
Are we smiling? |
You are smiling |
You're smiling |
Are you smiling? |
They are smiling |
Ther're smiling |
Are they smiling? |
NEGATIVE 1 |
NEGATIVE 2 |
I am not smiling |
I'm not smiling |
You are not smiling |
You're not smiling |
He is not smiling She is not smiling It is not smiling |
He's not smiling She's not smiling It's not smiling |
We are not smiling |
We're not smiling |
You are not smiling |
You're not smiling |
They are not smiling |
They're not smiling |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 1 |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 2 |
Am I not smiling? |
Aren't I smiling? |
Are you not smiling? |
Aren't you smiling? |
Is he not smiling? Is she not smiling? Is it not smiling? |
Isn't he smiling? Isn't she smiling? Isn't it smiling? |
Are we not smiling? |
Aren't we smiling? |
Are you not smiling? |
Aren't you smiling? |
Are they not smiling? |
Aren't they smiling? |
Simple Past Continous of the Verb "TO SMILE"
AFFIRMATIVE |
I was smiling |
You were smiling |
He was smiling She was smiling It was smiling |
We were smiling |
You were smiling |
They were smiling |
INTERROGATIVE |
Was I smiling? |
Were you smiling? |
Was he smiling? Was she smiling? Was it smiling? |
Were we smiling? |
Were you smiling? |
Were they smiling? |
NEGATIVE 1 |
NEGATIVE 2 |
I was not smiling |
I wasn't smiling |
You not were smiling |
You weren't smiling |
He was not smiling She was not smiling It was not smiling |
He wasn't smiling She wasn't smiling It wasn't smiling |
We were not smiling |
We weren't smiling |
You were not smiling |
You weren't smiling |
They were not smiling |
They weren't smiling |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 1 |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 2 |
Was I not smiling? |
Wasn't I smiling? |
Were you not smiling? |
Weren't you smiling? |
Was he not smiling? Was she not smiling? Was it not smiling? |
Wasn't he smiling? Wasn't she smiling? Wasn't it smiling? |
Were we not smiling? |
Weren't we smiling? |
Were you not smiling? |
Weren't you smiling? |
Were they not smiling? |
Weren't they smiling? |
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUSLY
Present Perfect Continuous of the Verb "TO PLAY"
AFFIRMATIVE 1 |
AFFIRMATIVE 2 |
INTERROGATIVE |
I have been playing |
I've have been playing |
Have I been playing? |
You have been playing |
You're have been playing |
Have you been playing? |
He has been playing She has been playing It has been playing |
He's have been playing She's have been playing It's have been playing |
Has he been playing? Has she been playing? Has it been playing? |
We have been playing |
We're have been playing |
Have we been playing? |
You have been playing |
You're have been playing |
Have you been playing? |
They have been playing |
They're have been playing |
Have they been playing? |
NEGATIVE 1 |
NEGATIVE 1 |
I have not been playing |
I've not been playing |
You have not been playing |
You've not been playing |
He has not been playing She has not been playing It has not been playing |
He's not been playing She's not been playing It's not been playing |
We have not been playing |
We've not been playing |
You have not been playing |
You've not been playing |
They have not been playing |
They've not been playing |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 1 |
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 2 |
Have I not been playing? |
Haven't I been playing? |
Have you not been playing? |
Haven't you been playing? |
Has he not been playing? Has she not been playing? Has it not been playing? |
Hans't he been playing? Hans't she been playing? Hans't it been playing? |
Have we not been playing? |
Haven't we been playing? |
Have you not been playing? |
Haven't you been playing? |
Have they not been playing? |
Haven't they been playing? |
Aspectele verbului in limba engleza
Verbele in limba engleza pot avea patru aspecte: simplu ( Simple ), progresiv ( Continous ), pefect ( Perfect ) si perfect progresiv ( Perfect Continous ). Fiecare dintre aceste aspecte poate aparea la oricare dintre cele trei timpuri: present ( Present ), trecut ( Past ) si viitor ( Future ).
Aspectele progresiv si perfect le corespunde cate un " verb auxiliar" ( cu care se formeaza ), care preia timpul si persoana verbului de conjugat ; aspectul progresiv perfect se formeaza prin combinarea celor doua auxiliare .
Astfel:
" Continous Tense" se formeaza cu auxiliarul " to be" :
" to be" + infinitivul verbului de conjugat + "ing"
( la timpul si persoana verbului conjugat )
"Perfect Tense" se formeaza cu auxiliarul "to
have" :
" to have" ( la timpul si persoana verbului de conjugat ) + forma a 3 a
verbului conjugat
" Perfect Continous Tense" se formeaza cu ambele auziliare." to be" si "to have":
To have + been + infinitivul de conjugat + "ing".
Transformarea timpurilor verbale in trecerea de la vorbire directa la cea indirecta
DIRECT SPEECH |
INDIRECT SPEECH |
Present Continuous |
Past Continuous |
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
Past Perfect |
No change |
Past Simple |
Past Perfect |
Past Continuous |
No change |
Shall/will |
Would |
Can |
No change |
Must |
Could |
Could |
No change |
Ought to |
No change |
May |
Might |
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